Influence of the Modernist Ideal City

Influence of the Modernist Ideal City The influence of the modernist ideal city, on urban design and master planning Introduction This essay will focus on the influence of Modernist Ideal City movement. At first showing that understanding of social, political and economic background is necessary, along with contemporary technological influences. Secondly, the purpose, principles and results of the movement will be illustrated. Then using the case study-Brasilia demonstrates the influence of the modernist ideal city. Finally, a critical view of historic and future of the movement will be provided. Background At the age of Early 20th, in most of western countries, the industrial revolution was dropping towards the end. With the development of technology and the increase of the social wealth, the population of 1800 1880 1910 Pars 647,000 2,200,000 3,000,000 London 800,000 3,800,000 7,200,000 Berlin 182,000 1,840,000 3,400,000 New York 60,000 2,800,000 4,500,000 Europe dramatically raised (figure 1). The contemporary cities could not stand the pressure of the population boom. A series of problem appeared, chaos, overcrowding, low efficiency, serious pollution, high density, narrow streets and lack of sunlight all threaten peoples life quality especially for lower class people. (Greed 1996, 70) Social conflict liked a time bomb hanging on the sky of the city. As Le Corbusier saidif we cannot suit to the situation of the new trend, the cities cannot meet the requirements of modern lifestyle (Corbusier 1987, 84). At this time, after the World War 1 (WW1), the Europe returned to peace. A great rebuilding process began buildings, and whole cities needed to be rebuilt. At this time, technology was vital to speed up this usually slow process. Express train and car speeded up the travel; telephone and radio reduce the commuting time and skyscrapers increased the city density. On the other hand, the modernist principles already were put forward. Both the real situation backed up and influenced by the theory basic gave people the opportunity to rethink the city of tomorrow. Finally,urban utopias emerged as the time requires, and Le Corbusier’s modernist ideal city is one of the most crucial parts (Hall 2011, 11-18, 28). The form of the modernist ideal city aimed to improve health of citizens, reduce commuting times, create more open space and get more sunlight, this way le Corbusier wanted to solve the social conflict (Greed 1996, 101-102). In 1914, Le Corbusier stated the Dom-ino House (figure 2). It is made of reinforce concrete and it reject the traditional load bearing wall. The frame structure frees the internal space which can be divided freely. low-cost, convenient, uniformity and standardisation all those figures show why He believed the Dom-ino system can meet the people’s requirements after WW1 (Frampton 2001, 21-22). In 1922, Le Corbusier published a blueprint of a contemporary city with 3,000,000 residents. And it was the first time for Le Corbusier to describe a whole ideal city. He searched a pure mechanism order. In his eyes, humanity would lost from chaos but revive from the pure order. In order to express the order, pure forms was used by le Corbusier. All the elements of city such as houses, roads, industries, offices even human were classified by function (Corbusier 1987, 15). The whole city was planned by clear hierarchy of class; people were divided into three parts, citizens, suburban dwellers and the mixed sort people. Roughly 400,000 to 600,000 citizens who were treated as urban elites lived in the 24 60-storey skyscrapers in the city centre. In Corbusier’s opinion these skyscrapers were vertical streets, which contain shops, hotels, etc. Furthermore, they only covered about 15% area of the entire city, which dramatically increase the density. At the same time, considered the environment pollution and human needs, the rest 85% of ground should be free for green lands. The working class (about 2,000,000) was planned to live in the garden city, which was influence by the garden city movement (Corbusier 1987, 163-176). On the other hand, fast traffic played an important role in the city. He (Corbusier 1987, 191) pointed out â€Å"that the city which can achieve speed will achieves success-and this is an obvious truth.† The whole city was connected by transportation system. And planner used symmetrical grid of streets to replace traditional â€Å"corridor street†. Two great arterial highways ran north and south, and east and west intersecting at the exact centre of the city (Corbusier 1987, 163-176). In general, the whole city worked as a huge machine. In 1932, Le Corbusier showed a more daring blueprint-The Radiant City that was more authoritarian and more libertarian than the Plan Voisin. The principle of design is existenzminimum (Corbusier 1976, 6-7). Every building would be strictly designed on the human scale. Furthermore, the radiant city has no class divisions. All of the people live in high-rise apartment blocks â€Å"Unità ©s†. Each block intended for 2,700 people and included individual service and public facilities such as shops, restaurant, swimming pools and gymnasiums (Corbusier 1967, 162). In order to avoid waste of space, the size of the apartment was decided by the family’s needs not class. Buildings raised on pilotis free the ground land and would be benefit to fast traffic and green land. Symmetrical grid of highway connected the whole anti-street city (Frampton 2001, 51). Same as the Dom-ino house, the radiant city from a single room to an entire city applies low cost and mass production techniqu es. In addition, these blocks only covered about 12% land. The rest area 100% ground area plus 12% top area of buildings were made up the green city. South facing glass wall, roof terraces and big open space made the city more radiant (Corbusier 1976, 44, 163). At the following years, Four Unità © d’Habitations were built in UK including Park Hill, Sheffield, Alton West, Roehampton, Barbican, London, and South Acton Estate, London. In general, the modernist ideal city could be described an order city; a functional city; a machine city; a high-rise city; a green city; a radiant city and a fast-traffic city. Case study There is no other cities can completely show Corbusier’s ideas liked Brasilia, although he wasn’t involved in the design (Hall 2002, 230).From 1956 to 1960, in order to narrow the gap between rich and poor and strengthen the development of interior area, a new capital-Brasilia that was designed by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyerhas been built. (Epstein 1973, 9) Brasilia as a totally new capital, without historical context, embodies a symbol of the modern movement (Hall 2002, 232). It means that costa got the best chance to seek to a pure order liked Corbusier. This order can be shown that the whole plan was axisymmetric and was divided different area by its function and residential area, working area and leisure area was linked by fast traffic (Evenson 1973, 146-153). In details dragonfly, bird, airplane, body and fuselage always are used to describe and plan the Brasilia. Roughly 10 kilometres monumental axis link east and west. From east to west, respectively, were gov ernmental buildings, uniform office blocks and train station. The uniformrectangle residential districtthat included shops, apartments etc. were located at both sides of the wind shape north-south axis. And the connection of the two axes was called rodoviaria that was designed as a centre of commerce, culture and entertainment. In addition, artificial lakes were surrounded north, east and south, zoo and serial small factories were near to train station (Issitt 2014). In general we can say, under the influence of modernist ideal city, Brasilia is an order, functional, green jet very motorised city. However,same as the theory of modernist ideal city, critics of Brasilia never stop from the first day of it built. With the development of city, a great deal of problems emerges. In fact, people are not willing to live in Brasilia. In 2000, the population of Brasilia was above stunning 2,000,000 citizens which was 4 times more than origin plan. Yet about 75% lived in outside of planning area, which, implement low density of population. Because of Brasilia being so motorised, and extensively large, it is almost impossible to travel the city by foot. In addition due to the rigid functional zone, human behaviour was strongly ruled (Evenson 1973, 118). Conclusion In my opinion, the modernist ideal city movement was the product of era. And the design of Brasilia was a great experiment, which successfully proved that the theory of modernist ideal city cannot totally suit to a real world. The fact proved that the modernist ideal city is good-looking but not practical. Personally, Le Corbusier was contradictory, he rationally planned the whole city but perceptually wanted to destroy the original city; he rationally ruled behaviours of human but perceptually thought that everyone has the same requirements; he rationally treated house as a machine but perceptually treated human as a machine too. Furthermore, the most controversial point is that the modernist ideal city is an autocratic city that does not leave any space to other possibilities. It is a unique answer for le Corbusier (Marshall 2009, 38). However, no one can ignore the worldwide influence of the movement especially in post-war time, we can still find the shadow of Le Corbusier in many modern cities such as London, Canberra, shanghai, etc. With time goes by, various movements of urban deign emerged. People, nowadays, reach a consensus that we need to find a balance point between economy, environment and social well-being and build a sustainable city. References Clara H. Greed, Introducing town planning (Harlow: Longman, 1996), 70. David G. Epstein, Brasilia, Plan and Reality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 9. Kenneth Frampton, Le Corbusier (London: Thames Hudson, 2001), 21-22, 51. Le Corbusier, The city of to-morrow and its planning (New York: Dover, 1987), 15, 84, 163-176, 191. Le Corbusier, The radiant city: elements of a doctrine of urbanism to be used as the basis of our machine-age civilization (New York: Orion Press, 1967), 6-7, 44, 162-163. Micah L. Issitt, â€Å"Brasà ­lia, Brazil,† Salem Press Encyclopedia, January, 2014. Norma Evenson, Two Brazilian capitals: architecture and urbanism in Rio de Janeiro and Brasà ­lia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 118, 146-153. Peter Hall, Cities of tomorrow: an intellectual history of urban planning and design in the twentieth century (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2002), 230, 232. Peter Hall, Urban and regional planning (London: Routledge, 2011), 11-18, 28. Stephen Marshall, Cities, Design Evolution (Routledge, 2009), 38.

My Community Service Award Essay

Every individual desires to be recognized. It is a nice feeling that people around you are happy to what you are doing and even give a recognition that will definitely make the awardee motivated to do better in every endeavor that he is going to do in the future. This kind of once in a lifetime recognition has come to my life unexpectedly. It is truly a great experience that cannot be bought by money. This event is so close to my heart that until I become old, I will not stop telling my grandkids about the honor which the community coalition has given me. Each year, community coalition called Building a Better Bensalem Together has a luncheon and I was given Bensalem’s community service award of the year in 2007. My heart pounds very fast as I receive the award and I do not know at that time where to put the happiness that I feel. It is indeed a surprise because I really lend my hand without any expectations to be recognized because all I want to do is to help. The award I received was from the Mayor of my township Bensalem, PA. As a recognized awardee, it makes me really feel fulfilled and happy. I am glad that people see my worth as a volunteer in our community coalition. Although I have experienced tough times during the service that makes me down sometimes yet it paves away when I see everything is in place. Moreover, as a young individual, I tend to see myself helping my community. In my point of view, lending a hand is a good act of love to others. It is a great feeling that you make other people happy. I never withhold myself in serving my community because for me it is a privilege that not all people are given the chance to do so. In addition, I have been volunteering for our community coalition called Building a Better Bensalem Together for 7 years. Throughout those years of serving, I learned to communicate and deal with various kinds of people from different walks of life. Although at the start it was a bit difficult because I have to adjust with different personalities and characters yet these make me more dedicated to learn the crop. I started to love this kind of service of our community coalition and never tired of doing good to others. Thus, this opportunity developed my patience and concern for the betterment of my community. Another thing I learned from volunteering is that, it develops my leadership as an individual. When I worked with the community coalition, I have the chance to make decisions for the betterment of the community and conducted some activities and projects that were also successful and have contributed to the progress and development of my community. In addition, as I search myself, I discovered that my growth in leadership have improved my common sense especially when making decisions for the community. Well, many people might laugh of what I say but that is the fact. Even though how good a person is in leading people but without common sense in performing the activities, it is still nothing. Common sense is very important in leading people because it is a practical intelligence and tact in behavior. Common sense is a product of individual experience gained through contact with practical problems of life and through lessons derived from success and failure. Furthermore, every time I deal with people, I always remind myself to be kind and polite and take things easy. If ever we encounter some dilemmas in the community coalition, I always welcome suggestions from my co-workers and then present my options of what to do however I never impose my ideas to them because I want to see one by one working hand-in-hand for the benefit of everyone. In conclusion, I would I say that giving your time and effort in helping others is a noble and right thing to do. I am happy that I have undergone this kind of experience because it makes me a better person and a chance to experience of receiving an award from honorable Mayor of PA. Everyone dreams of it I guess and I am fortunate and blessed enough to be chosen as one.

Kathy Gill - ThoughtCo

Public Sector Health Care Organizations - 1588 Words

Two private sectors and a public sector health care organizations were selected for collecting data for this entire study. In those the first stage data were collected in the form of participant observation, which was carried out in Medical trust hospital (private sector), Kochi and Medical college hospital (public sector, Thiruvanathapuram. In the second stage, the participants were recruited for semi-structured interviews from Cosmopolitan Hospital (private sector), Thiruvanathapuram and Medical college hospital; the same hospital from which the data were collected in the first stage (Medical college Hospital). The selection of the two different sectors (public and private) hopefully provided an opportunity to observe the interaction†¦show more content†¦This department is situated in a separate building, physiotherapy out-patient section is situated in the ground floor of this building. The department includes a waiting area, private treatment cabins, chief physiotherapis t consultation cabin and an exercise area. The physiotherapy department employs includes five physiotherapists (four male physiotherapist and a female physiotherapist) including one chief physiotherapist, one clerical staff (Female) and one intern student (female). The majority of the patients attend the outpatient physiotherapy section were referred by the physiatrist of the MCH. The department official opening time from Monday to Saturday from 8:30 am to 2:30 pm 2) Medical Trust Hospital(MTH) The MTH is a 750 bed multi-speciality private hospital situated in Kochi since 1973. Kochi is one of the five largest cities in south India. Kochi is situated on the coast of the Arabian Sea and it is known as ‘the queen of the Arabian sae’. It is one of the most densely populated cities in south India. The MTH has a physiotherapy department, started in the year 2005. 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